Assessment of knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding the relationship of obesity with diabetes among the general community of Pakistan.

This study sought to evaluate the influence of knowledge, attitude, and practices assessment on diabetes related to obesity in Pakistani society. Data was collected both through door to door and online survey approaches from 518 participants by using a pre-validated questionnaire. A total of 15.6% were underweight, 61.2% were normal weight, 17.2% were overweight and 5.8% were in obesity class I and 2.9% were classified as obesity class II. The co-occurrence of obesity and diabetes was 29% (n = 22) among diabetic individuals (n = 84). A majority of the residents (59.1%) were from cities. While 94% of the participants responded to what obesity was, 83.8% knew what diabetes was. Fast food, soft drinks, and mayonnaise were deemed to be healthy by 75.1% of the respondents. Obesity was viewed as a disease by 94.8%, a major health issue by 78.2%, and a weight-loss necessity by 44.6% of participants. Only 24.9% exercised every day, and 23.9% engaged in any physical activity daily. The majority of respondents (50.6%) never tried to lose weight and 23.2% ate junk food daily. The sociodemographic variables showed that the age ranges of 25-34 years (P < 0.001; OR 0.531), 45-54 years (P < 0.05; OR 0.527), and urban residency (P < 0.001; OR 0.128) had a significant association with knowledge. The factors of urban residency (P < 0.001; OR 3.996), being unmarried (P < 0.001; OR 1.95), and having an income of 51,000-70,000 (P < 0.001; OR 11.29) showed a very highly significant association with a good attitude regarding the relationship of obesity with diabetes (P < 0.05). Similarly, practices of the participants showed significant association with BMI range of 18.5-24.9 and 25-29.9 (P < 0.001). Our study revealed significant knowledge and understanding of the relationship between obesity with diabetes. However, it was observed that majority of respondents exhibited fundamental knowledge regarding obesity and diabetes, there was a notable absence of understanding regarding crucial elements, such as the significance of maintaining a healthy body weight, participating in physical activity, and implementing appropriate dietary strategies for weight control. We recognize the necessity for education initiatives and strongly encourage them to assist individuals in managing diabetes resulting from obesity.

Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Regarding Taeniasis in Pakistan.

Taeniasis is a neglected zoonotic disease responsible for serious health disorders, such as seizures, and may even cause death. Humans are the definitive host for the three species Taenia solium (pork tapeworm), T. saginata (beef tapeworm), and T. asiatica, harboring the adult tapeworm in the small intestine. In this study, a structured questionnaire was circulated to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) regarding taeniasis among the rural and urban communities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. A total of 770 individuals participated in the study. Of the total respondents, 44.4% had little knowledge about the disease and its impact, while the majority (70%) of respondents showed a willingness to participate in elimination campaigns by providing fecal samples. Most respondents kept raw meat separated from clean utensils (81.6%) and checked the internal temperature of meat when cooking it (75.1%). Regression analysis showed a significant association between age and knowledge, especially in the 20-30 years (p < 0.05; OR 0.574) and 30 to 40 years (p < 0.05; OR 0.553) age groups, and being a resident in Rawalpindi (p < 0.05; OR 0.68) and other cities (p < 0.05; OR 2.43), except Islamabad. Income ranges of 31,000-50,000 PKR (p < 0.05; OR: 0.574), 51,000-70,000 PKR (p < 0.05; OR 0.531), and above 70,000 PKR (p < 0.05; OR 0.42) were significantly related to attitude, compared with individuals with incomes of 10,000-30,000 PKR. Income above 70,000 PKR (p < 0.05; OR 0.87) and living in an urban area (p < 0.05; OR 0.616) compared to a rural area were significant with practices. A positive attitude was observed regarding awareness and prevention of the disease. Awareness campaigns and providing health education could be key approaches to manage this disease in the general population of developing countries.

Phenotypic characterization and genome analysis of a novel Salmonella Typhimurium phage having unique tail fiber genes.

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a foodborne pathogen causing occasional outbreaks of enteric infections in humans. Salmonella has one of the largest pools of temperate phages in its genome that possess evolutionary significance for pathogen. In this study, we characterized a novel temperate phage Salmonella phage BIS20 (BIS20) with unique tail fiber genes. It belongs to the subfamily Peduovirinae genus Eganvirus and infects Salmonella Typhimurium strain (SE-BS17; Acc. NO MZ503545) of poultry origin. Phage BIS20 was viable only at biological pH and temperature ranges (pH7 and 37 °C). Despite being temperate BIS20 significantly slowed down the growth of host strain for 24 h as compared to control (P < 0.009). Phage BIS20 features 29,477-base pair (bp) linear DNA genome with 53% GC content and encodes for 37 putative ORFs. These ORFs have mosaic arrangement as indicated by its ORF similarity to various phages and prophages in NCBI. Genome analysis indicates its similarity to Salmonella enterica serovar Senftenberg prophage (SEStP) sequence (Nucleotide similarity 87.7%) and Escherichia virus 186 (~ 82.4% nucleotide similarity). Capsid genes were conserved however those associated with tail fiber formation and assembly were unique to all members of genus Eganvirus. We found strong evidence of recombination hotspot in tail fiber gene. Our study identifies BIS20 as a new species of genus Eganvirus temperate phages as its maximum nucleotide similarity is 82.4% with any phage in NCBI. Our findings may contribute to understanding of origin of new temperate phages.

Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors (HDACi) Promote KLF5 Ubiquitination and Degradation in Basal-like Breast Cancer.

Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) accounts for approximately 15% of all breast cancer cases, and patients with BLBC have a low survival rate. Our previous study demonstrated that the KLF5 transcription factor promotes BLBC cell proliferation and tumor growth. In this study, we demonstrated that the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), and trichostatin A (TSA), increased KLF5 acetylation at lysine 369 (K369), downregulated KLF5 protein expression levels, and decreased cell viability in BLBC cell lines. HDACi target KLF5 for proteasomal degradation by promoting KLF5 protein ubiquitination. K369 acetylation of KLF5 decreases the binding between KLF5 and its deubiquitinase, BAP1. These findings revealed a novel mechanism by which HDACi suppress BLBC, and a novel crosstalk between KLF5 protein acetylation and ubiquitination.

Molecular investigation of possible relationships concerning bovine leukemia virus and breast cancer.

Worldwide, breast cancer has an eminent morbidity and mortality rate, as it is a neoplastic disease among females. The query of the prospective danger of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) to humans is an old but exceedingly topical focus of scientific debate. The objective of the current study was to determine the possible relationship between BLV and breast cancer. A total of 2710 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) breast cancer samples were selected regardless of the age, ethnicity, or municipality origin of the subjects. The presence of BLV in human breast cancer was determined through nested PCR by amplifying tax and gag genes followed by partial sequencing. Homology was confirmed by using the online BLAST Tool. BLV genes were found to be positive in 26.8% (728/2710) of the samples from breast cancer patients and 10% (10/80) of the samples without cancer (negative control). The results indicated a correlation between the presence of the BLV gene and breast cancer (odds ratio = 0.3889; confidence interval = 1,18; p = 0.0029). The current findings suggest a possible link between BLV and human breast carcinoma. Therefore, screening cattle herds and milk products is suggested to reduce the viral transmission risk to humans.

In vitro antimicrobial and cytotoxic manifestations of Dicliptera roxburghiana.

Emerging resistance in microorganisms is a growing threat to human beings due to its role in pathological manifestations in different infectious diseases. This study was designed to investigate the antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of methanol extract of Dicliptera roxburghiana and all its derived fractions. Antibacterial (against six bacterial strains) and antifungal (against four fungal strains) activities were investigated by agar well diffusion method and agar slants method, respectively. Cytotoxicity assay was carried out by using Brine shrimps eggs. In antibacterial evaluation, MIC values and zone of inhibition were measured and were found very effective for DRME, DRHF, DRCF and DREF while these were moderate for DRBF and DRAF. For antifungal assay, DRME and DRHF were potently active and showed more than 70% fungal growth inhibition where as DRCF and DRBF were also displaying appreciable inhibition. Cytotoxic measurements were very good for DRME, DRHF and DRAF with LD50 values 215, 199 and 392µg/ml respectively. These results confirmed antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential of the plant and all its derived fractions. Hence it can be concluded that plant contain some important compounds that can be used as antimicrobial source for the treatment of different infectious disease.

Investigation of Chemopreventive and Antiproliferative Potential of Dicliptera roxburghiana.

CONTEXT: Carcinogenesis causes much human misery. It is a process involving multistage alterations. Medicinal plants are candidates for beneficial anticancer agents. OBJECTIVES: Investigation of anticancer proficiencies of the plant Dicliptera roxburghiana. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Crude extract and derived fractions were inspected for their inhibitory potential against nuclear factor KB (NFκB), nitric oxide synthase inhibition, aromatase inhibition and induction of quinone reductase 1 (QR 1). Antiproliferative activity was determined by using various cancer cell lines for example hormone responsive breast cancer cell line MCF-7, estrogen receptor negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, murine hepatoma cells Hepa 1c1c7, human neuroblastoma cells SK-N-SH and neuroblastoma cells MYCN-2. RESULTS: Ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of D. roxburghiana were strongly active against NFκB with IC50 of 16.6 ± 1.3 and 8.4 ± 0.7 µg/ml respectively with 100% survival. Chloroform fraction of the plant exhibited an induction ratio of 2.4 ± 0.09 with CD value of 17.7 µg/ml. Regarding the nitrite assay, the n-hexane fraction exhibited significant inhibition of NO activity with IC50 of 17.8 ± 1.25 µg/ml. The n-butanol fraction exhibited strong antiproliferative activity against IcIc-7 cell lines with IC50 values of 13.6 ± 1.91 µg/ml; against MYCN-2 a cytotoxic effect developed with dose dependence, with IC50 of 12.6 ± 1.24 µg/ml. In antiproliferative activity against SK-N-SH cell lines, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were efficiently active with IC50 values of 11.2 ± 0.84, 14.6 ± 1.71 and 16.3 ± 1.57 respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: It was demonstrated that various fractions of D. roxburghiana displayed appreciable anticancer characteristics and could be a potent source for the development of anticancer leads.

Community-based social and demographic assessment of knowledge, attitudes, practices and medical conditions related to vitamin D deficiency in Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.

Vitamin D is an important nutrient for bone health, and vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of various diseases. Gilgit Baltistan, the northern-most area of Pakistan, has a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, despite many nutritional and food safety programmes. The present study aimed to find how knowledge, attitudes and practices associated with vitamin D related to the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among people residing in different areas of Gilgit Baltistan. The cross-sectional study was descriptive and used data from a survey carried out between February 2019 and December 2020 on individuals of both sexes aged 10 years or over in Gilgit Baltistan. Of the 575 survey participants, 306 (53.2%) had experienced signs and symptoms of vitamin D deficiency, i.e. tiredness, fatigue and bone weakness. Approximately 64.8% had some general knowledge of vitamin D and its relation to health. Participants aged 19-25 years had the highest scores on knowledge of vitamin D. Only 22.7% of interviewees had ever taken any supplements and only 25.6% often exposed themselves to sunlight. Females' mean knowledge score (28.7; SD 7.02) was higher than that of males (24; SD 9.01). A lack of consistency was observed between attitude towards daylight exposure and knowledge of vitamin D. There was a large correlation between knowledge and attitude (p = 0.001), while a non-significant association was demonstrated between knowledge and practices (p = 0.1). Better knowledge, attitude and practices by people living in cities or more-developed regions indicates that education can be an effective way to provide awareness regarding micronutrient deficiencies. More emphasis is needed on enhancing knowledge, awareness and practices associated with vitamin D deficiency in rural areas of Pakistan. It is strongly recommended that an awareness campaign on micronutrients is launched in both rural and urban areas of Pakistan, concentrating on poor socioeconomic settings.

G3 and G9 Rotavirus genotypes in waste water circulation from two major metropolitan cities of Pakistan.

Rotavirus A (RVA) is a diarrheal pathogen affecting children under age five, particularly in developing and underdeveloped regions of the world due to malnutrition, poor healthcare and hygienic conditions. Water and food contamination are found to be major sources of diarrheal outbreaks. Pakistan is one of the countries with high RVA related diarrhea burden but with insufficient surveillance system. The aim of this study was to gauge the RVA contamination of major open sewerage collecting streams and household water supplies in two major metropolitan cities of Pakistan. Three concentration methods were compared using RNA purity and concentration as parameters, and detection efficiency of the selected method was estimated. Water samples were collected from 21 sites in Islamabad and Rawalpindi in two phases during the year 2014-2015. Meteorological conditions were recorded for each sampling day and site from Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD). Nested PCR was used to detect the presence of RVA in samples targeting the VP7 gene. Logistic regression was applied to assess the association of weather conditions with RVA persistence in water bodies. Statistical analysis hinted at a temporal and seasonal pattern of RVA detection in water. Phylogenetic analysis of selected isolates showed a close association of environmental strains with clinical RVA isolates from hospitalized children with acute diarrhea during the same period. This is the first scientific report cataloging the circulating RVA strains in environmental samples from the region. The study highlights the hazards of releasing untreated sewerage containing potentially infectious viral particles into collecting streams, which could become a reservoir of multiple pathogens and a risk to exposed communities. Moreover, routine testing of these water bodies can present an effective surveillance system of circulating viral strains in the population.

Knowledge, attitude & practices (KAPs) regarding rabies endemicity among the community members, Pakistan.

INTRODUCTION: Rabies is one of the most neglected tropical diseases in numerous regions of the world. Annually, 60,000 deaths have been reported, mostly in Asia and Africa. Dogs are responsible for approximately 99% of human deaths due to rabies. Consequently, incidences of canine bites are increased yet rabies continues to remain a neglected disease in Pakistan. The objective of the study was to investigate the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices (KAP) for rabies, among the participants from urban and rural population of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. METHODS: Data was collected by conducting household based cross-sectional survey over a period of 5 months (from January 2018 to May 2018). Quantitative data was collected in the form of questionnaires to investigate awareness and knowledge of rabies among the participants. The questionnaire compromised of socio-demographic features and degree of KAP with respect to rabies management and control. RESULTS: A total sample size of 434 participants responded in the study. Among them, 89.4% were found to have heard about rabies, 38.7% have no knowledge of signs and symptoms, 93.3% knew that infected dogs are the major cause of spreading rabies and 77.6% considered that the vaccination of animals is important for prevention of rabies. However, only 39.8% actively seek medical treatment at a hospital if bitten by a dog. From the 434 participants 61 reported dog bites, of which 68.8% (42/61) were male and 49.1% (30/61) belonged to age group of 6-25 years. CONCLUSION: This study concludes that respondents have relatively limited knowledge, inconsistent attitude and poor practices towards rabies prevention and control. There is a high need of imparting knowledge to the population from multidisciplinary programs for effective management and prevention of rabies.

Evaluation of Artemisia scoparia for hemostasis promotion activity.

Excessive hemorrhage through any reasons is a life threatening process. Artemisia scoparia of family Asteraceae has been used in local system of medicine to stop bleeding from wounds and in injuries, antiseptic, in healing urticarial and for removal of worms from the body. Aerial parts of A. scoparia was extracted with 95% methanol (ASM) and fractionated through liquid-liquid partition in ascending order of n-hexane (ASH), chloroform (ASC), ethyl acetate (ASE), and the remaining as the aqueous fraction (ASA). Phytochemical classes of the extract/fractions were determined by qualitative assays. Prothrombin time (PT) was estimated on the plasma of human blood by Owren method. Capillary tube method was applied to determine the hemostasis activity in Sprague-Dawley rat. Tannins, saponins, terpenoids, quinones, betacyanins and flavonoids were present whereas phlobatannins, anthraquinones and alkaloids were established absent in ASM, ASC, ASE and ASA. Prothrombin time was significantly decreased by mixing (10 µg) of ASM (16.67±1.15 sec), ASH (12.33±0.57 sec), ASC (15.33±0.57 sec) and ASA (9.0±1.0 sec) to that of vehicle (20.0±1.0 sec). Administration (200 mg/kg) of all the extract/fractions showed significantly less (26.00±11.79 sec - 41.00±7.21 sec) hemostasis time as compared to the (242.67±39.67 sec) control rats. The results suggested the therapeutics importance of A. scoparia use in bleeding pathologies.

Phytochemical investigation and nephroprotective potential of Sida cordata in rat.

BACKGROUND: Plants are an efficient source of natural antioxidant against free radicals causing kidney damages. Sida cordata ethyl acetate fraction has been reported for strong in vitro antioxidant potency, previously. In the present study, our objective was to evaluate its in vivo antioxidant potency against CCl4 induced nephrotoxicity and investigates the bioactive phytochemicals by HPLC-DAD analysis. METHODS: Phytochemical analysis was performed by HPLC-DAD methodology. For in vivo study, 42 male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with alternatively managed doses for 60 days. Group I animals were remained untreated. Group II animals were treated with vehicle (1 mL of olive oil) by intragastric route on alternate days. Group III was treated with 30% CCl4 (1 mL/kg b.w.) i.p. Group IV was treated with 30% CCl4 (1 mL/kg b.w.) i.p and silymarin intragastric. Group V and VI rats were treated with 30% CCl4 and SCEE (150 and 300 mg/kg b.w., respectively) intragastric. Group VII animals were treated with SCEE (300 mg/kg b.w.) intragastrically. Blood parameters, Serum proteins and urine profile were investigated. Activities of tissue enzyme i.e. catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, GSH and γ-GT were evaluated. Histopathological observations, total protein contents, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and relative weight were also analyzed. RESULTS: Gallic acid, catechin and caffeic acid were identified in SCEE fraction by HPLC-DAD. Decrease in the count of red blood cells, neutrophils, eosinophils and concentration of hemoglobin whereas increase in lymphocyte count and estimation of sedimentation rate (ESR) with 1 mL CCl4 (30% in Olive oil) administration (30 doses in 60 days) was restored dose dependently with co-treatment of SCEE (150 and 300 mg/kg b.w.). Treatment of rats with CCl4 markedly (P < 0.01) increased the count of urinary red blood cells and leucocytes, concentration of urea, creatinine and urobilinogen and specific gravity whereas creatinine clearance was reduced. Serum level of total protein, albumin, globulin, nitrite, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was significantly increased (P < 0.01) by CCl4 treatment. The activity of antioxidant enzymes; catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase and content of reduced glutathione was decreased (P < 0.01) significantly. However, increased concentration (P < 0.01) of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and histopathological injuries were noticed in the renal tissues of rats after the treatment with CCl4. Co-administration of SCEE, dose dependently, protected the alterations in the studied parameters of rats at 150 and 300 mg/kg b.w. The present study revealed that SCEE could be used as a possible remedy for renal toxicity abnormalities. CONCLUSION: These results are an evidence of the renal protective role of S.cordat ethyl acetate fraction against CCl4 induced nephrotoxicity in rats which may be due to its antioxidant compounds.

Pistacia chinensis: Strong antioxidant and potent testicular toxicity amelioration agent.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate in vitro and in vivo antioxidant potency of Pistacia chinensis (P. chinensis) bark and leaves extracts along with its protective role against CCl4 induced toxicity in testis of the rat. METHODS: Various in vitro models such as DPPH, ABTS, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, hydroxyl and nitric oxide scavenging activities, anti-lipid peroxidation activity, phospho-molybdenum activity, ß carotene bleaching assay was used for analysis of antioxidant potential. Experimental groups for in vivo study were: Group Ⅰ (control) untreated, Group Ⅱ (Vehicle control), Group Ⅲ (1 mL/kg b.w 30% CCl4), Group Ⅳ (1 mL/kg b.w CCl4 + Silymarin), Group Ⅴ (200 mg/kg b.w PCBE + CCl4), Group Ⅵ (400 mg/kg b.w PCBE + CCl4) and Group Ⅶ (400 mg/kg b.w PCBE alone). RESULTS: In vitro antioxidant assays displayed significant results and the highest activity was not specified to a specific extract. However, ethyl acetate extract of bark (PCBE) showed highest results in most of the antioxidant assays i.e. beta-carotene bleaching, hydroxyl radical scavenging, ABTS, lipid peroxidation and superoxide radical scavenging activity. On this base, this fraction was selected for in vivo antioxidant experiment. Testis tissues were analyzed to observe the protective effects of PCBE on antioxidant enzymes; catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and quinone reductase activities and glutathione (GSH) as well as nitrite content. Profile of plasma testosterone was also compared to various treatments. Observation suggests a protective role of P. chinensis against CCl4 induced toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that some bioactive antioxidants of P. chinensis bark might be a good source to isolate the potent antioxidant components.

Increase of glutathione, testosterone and antioxidant effects of Jurenia dolomiaea on CCl4 induced testicular toxicity in rat.

BACKGROUND: Root of Jurenia dolomiaea is used traditionally in various disorders involving oxidative injuries i.e. rheumatism, gout and as stimulant. Earlier we have investigated in vitro antioxidant and DNA protective ability. In this investigation we have evaluated protective potential of J. dolomiaea root against the oxidative injuries induced with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in testes of rat. METHODS: Dried roots of J. dolomiaea were powdered and extracted with 95% methanol and residue was fractionated in escalating polarity of solvents. On the basis of potent antioxidant ability; the ethyl acetate fraction (JDEE) was selected to evaluate the in vivo antioxidant activity against CCl4 induced oxidative stress in rat. Sprague Dawley male rats (42) were equally divided in to 7 groups: control, vehicle control, JDEE (400 mg/kg; p.o.) alone, CCl4 (I ml/kg; 1:10 v/v in olive oil) alone, JDEE (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg) with CCl4, and silymarin (200 mg/kg) with CCl4 on alternate days for 60 days. Testes samples were investigated for antioxidant enzymes, biochemical markers and histopathology while the serum samples were analyzed for the testosterone level. RESULTS: Administration of CCl4 to rats depleted the activity level of antioxidant enzymes viz.; CAT, POD, SOD, GST, GPx, and GR, and the concentration of protein and GSH while enhanced the level of lipid peroxides (TBARS), H2O2 and nitrite in testes samples of rat. Concentration of testosterone in serum of rat decreased with CCl4 treatment. Co-treatment of silymarin and the JDEE (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg) lessened the toxic effects of CCl4 and reversed the level of these parameters towards the control group. An admirable increase (P < 0.05) in the level of GSH in testes, testosterone in serum and thickness of germinal layers in testes with JDEE (400 mg/kg) alone was recorded. Histopathological observation of testes samples endorsed the alterations induced with different treatments. CONCLUSIONS: JDEE co-treatment to rats ameliorated the toxic effects of CCl4 in testes samples. Enhanced level of GSH, thickness of germinal layers in testes and testosterone in serum with JDEE (400 mg/kg) treatment alone to rats demanded the evaluation of JDEE for sexual behavior.

Evaluation of phytochemicals, antioxidant activity and amelioration of pulmonary fibrosis with Phyllanthus emblica leaves.

BACKGROUND: In the present study the antioxidant potential of a methanol extract of Phyllanthus emblica leaves (PELE) was determined by in vitro methods as well as by an in vivo animal model, along with HPLC-DAD screening for phyto-constituents. METHODS: The in vitro antioxidant potential of PELE was assessed by scavenging of DPPH, nitric oxide and anti-lipid peroxidation assays. For in vivo evaluation, a 60-day experimental plan was followed in which Sprague Dawley rats were administered with 1 mL/kg of CCl4 (CCl4 : DMSO + Olive oil; 30 % v/v) alone or with different doses of PELE (200, 400 mg/kg p.o.). Silymarin (100 mg/kg) as standard drug was also administered to CCl4 treated rats. HPLC-DAD analysis was performed to quantify polyphenolic phytochemicals. RESULTS: PELE exhibited an appreciable in vitro antioxidant activity and scavenged the DPPH radical (IC50 = 39.73 ± 2.12 µg/mL) and nitric oxide (IC50 = 39.14 ± 2.31 µg/mL) while for anti-lipid peroxidation moderate antioxidant activity was noticed. Reduced levels of antioxidant enzyme activities viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and reduced glutathione (GSH) whereas enhanced levels of total extractable proteins, lipid peroxides (TBARS), nitrite and H2O2 were induced by CCl4 administration in lungs of rat. Co-administration of PELE to rats exhibited a dose dependent decline in the oxidative injuries induced in these parameters. Histopathological damages such as disrupted alveoli, infiltration of macrophages and modified architecture of Clara cells was reversed to the normal state with co-administration of PELE. HPLC-DAD analysis indicated the presence of gallic acid, rutin, kaempferol and caffeic acid in the PELE. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study demonstrate that presence of polyphenolics and other active constituents in PELE might play a significant role in repairing the pulmonary damages instigated with CCl4.

Phytochemical, antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of Alnus nitida bark in carbon tetrachloride challenged Sprague Dawley rats.

BACKGROUND: Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl. is traditionally used for inflammatory disorders. Diarylheptanoids constituents having diverse therapeutically importance including hepato-protective was reported in A. nitida. The aim of this study was to explore the antioxidant and hepato-protective profile of A. nitida stem bark's crude methanol extract (ANM). METHODS: Crude methanol extract of A. nitida stem bark and its derived fractions were assessed for phytochemical classes and in vitro antioxidant profiling by multidimensional assays. Hepato-protective assessment of ANM was investigated on rats, which were made hepatotoxic using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Additionally HPLC-DAD analysis of ANM, and its derived ethyl acetate and aqueous fraction was carried out to determine the presence of active constituents. RESULTS: Qualitative analysis of crude extract-and its fractions depicted the presence of terpenoids, saponins, coumarins, phenols and flavonoids. Maximum quantity of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was recorded in ANM and its derived fractions; n-hexane (ANH), chloroform (ANC), ethyl acetate (ANE) and the residual aqueous (ANA). ANM exhibited the best total antioxidant capacity, total reducing power, and scavenging of DPPH and OH radicals. ANE and ANA exhibited strong scavenging potential for iron chelation, nitric oxide and ß-carotene bleaching assay. ANM treatment converse the activities of serum-marker enzymes and lipid profile, altered by CCl4 treatment in rat. CCl4 induced hepatic-cirrhosis in rat resulted in decrease of antioxidant enzyme activities such as catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione reductase-which were restored towards the normal level with ANM. Similarly diminished level of reduced glutathione while enhanced level of lipid peroxides, hydrogen peroxide and nitrite in liver of cirrhotic rats was normalized by treatment of ANM. The histopathological studies of liver tissues also represented that ANM possessed the hepato-protective activity. HPLC-DAD analysis against eight known standards confirmed the presence of gallic acid, catechin and rutin in ANM and in ANA while in ANE gallic acid was only detected. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of antioxidants, restoration of various antioxidant enzymes and histopathological studies, the recent study concludes that antioxidant potential of A. nitida bark might protect the liver damages.

Fraxinus xanthoxyloides leaves reduced the level of inflammatory mediators during in vitro and in vivo studies.

BACKGROUND: Different parts of Fraxinus xanthoxyloides Wall. (Oleaceae) are used traditionally in the treatment of internal wounds, bone fracture, pain, jaundice, malaria and in pneumonia. These ailments involve protective and essential mechanisms of the organism in response to infection, injury and trauma. However, prolonged inflammation may lead to inflammatory disorders. The present investigation was carried to evaluate the crude methanol extract of F. xanthoxyloides leaves and its fractions for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. METHODS: Methanol extract of F. xanthoxyloides leaves was fractionated through liquid-liquid partition on escalating polarity of solvents. Acetic acid and thermal responses were used to evaluate the analgesic effects of extract/fractions in rat. Anti-inflammatory effects were monitored through in vitro; TNF-α activated NFkB in 293/NFkB-Luc HEK cells and LPS-activated nitric oxide (NO) assay in RAW 264.7 cells. For in vivo studies carrageenan induced paw edema model was used in rat. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that chloroform fraction exhibited superior anti-inflammatory effects to other extract/fractions and therefore, was used in air pouch model in rat to estimate the inhibition in leukocyte migration and synthesis of inflammatory mediators. In addition, phytochemical investigation of crude extract was carried out by GC-MS analysis. RESULTS: GC-MS studies of crude extract revealed the presence of various classes of which terpenoids (26.61 %), lactam (16.47 %), esters (15.81 %), phenols (8.37 %), and steroid (6.91 %) constituted the major categories. Among the extracts chloroform fraction (200 mg/kg bw) significantly (P <0.001) increased the percent latency time (76.13 ± 4.49 %) in hot plate test after 120 min and decreased (P <0.001) the count of writhes (77.23 ± 5.64 %) as compared to other extracts. The in vitro studies indicated that chloroform fraction at 15 µg/ml more effectively inhibited the TNF-α induced synthesis of NFkB (85.0 ± 8.12 %, IC50 = 5.98 µg/ml) and LPS-instigated nitric oxide (78.23 ± 2.39 %, IC50 = 6.59 µg/ml) synthesis. Although all the extract/fractions showed a dose dependent increase in inhibition of edema formation however, chloroform fraction (4(th) h = 77.64 ± 3.04 %) at 200 mg/kg bw exhibited relatively higher (P <0.001) anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rat. Moreover, chloroform fraction had the ability to decrease (P <0.001) the influx of leukocytes and the concentration of inflammatory mediators; TNF-α, NO, IL-6 and PGE2 in air pouch exudate. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of F. xanthoxyloides leaves against the inflammatory disorders suggesting the presence of active constituents in chloroform fraction.

Proficiencies of Artemisia scoparia against CCl4 induced DNA damages and renal toxicity in rat.

BACKGROUND: Artemisia scoparia is traditionally used in the local system of medicine in kidney disorders. This study aimed at scrutinizing the nephroprotective prospective of A. scoparia methanol extract against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) provoked DNA damages and oxidative stress in kidneys of rat. METHODS: Dried aerial parts of A. scoparia were powdered and extracted with methanol to obtain the viscous material (ASM). Sprague Dawley male rats (42) were grouped (7) having 6 rats in each. Group I remained untreated and Group II treated intraperitoneally (i.p) with DMSO + olive oil (1 ml/kg body weight (bw). Rats of Group III - VI were treated with CCl4 (1 ml/kg bw; i.p 30 % v/v in olive oil). Animals of Group IV were co-administered with 100 mg/kg bw of silymarin whereas rats of Group V and VI with 150 mg/kg bw and 300 mg/kg bw of ASM at an interval of 48 h for four weeks. Animals of Group VII were administered with ASM (300 mg/kg bw) alone. DNA damages were investigated with comet assay in renal tissues while the oxidative injuries were estimated in serum and renal tissues. RESULTS: Co-administration of ASM to rats significantly reduced the DNA damages at 300 mg/kg dose as indicated in comet length (40.80 ± 2.60 µm), head length (34.70 ± 2.21 µm), tail length (7.43 ± 1.24 µm) and DNA content in head (88.03 ± 2.27 %) to that of CCl4 for comet length (63.16 ± 2.11 µm), head length (23.29 ± 1.50 µm), tail length (39.21 ± 2.81 µm) and DNA content of head (74.81 ± 2.18 %) in renal cell's nuclei. Increased level of urea, creatinine, bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen whereas decreased concentration of proteins in serum of CCl4 treated animals were restored towards the normal level with co-administration of ASM. CCl4 injection in rats decreased the activity level of CAT, POD, SOD, GST and γ-GT and GSH contents while elevated levels of TBARS, H2O2 and nitrite contents were observed in renal tissues. A noteworthy retrieval of all these parameters and the altered histopathological observations was notified near to the normal values after treatment with both the doses of ASM. CONCLUSION: Results obtained suggested the therapeutic role of ASM in oxidative stress related disorder of kidneys.

Documenting the indigenous knowledge on medicinal flora from communities residing near Swat River (Suvastu) and in high mountainous areas in Swat-Pakistan.

AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study aimed at documenting the indigenous knowledge on medicinal flora from the local communities residing near Swat River and high mountainous areas in Swat, Pakistan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Field study was carried out in 2013-14. The area was visited 17 times, and semi-structured and open-ended interviews were conducted in both the plain area nearby the Swat River (4 villages) and mountains (7 villages). A total of 83 erudite informants participated in the interviews with their prior consent. The collected data were analysed through quantitative indices viz., medicinal use value (MUV), relative frequency citation (RFC), family use value (FUV), informant consensus factor (ICF) and fidelity level (FL). RESULTS: A total of 78 species belonging to 45 vascular plant families were documented as medicinally important. Lamiaceae was observed the dominant medicinal plant family with 11 species, leaf was the most used part, and powder the most preferred preparation type. Maximum MUV (1) was shared by 15 species while maximum RFC (0.385) was demonstrated by both Brassica juncea and Lepidium sativum. Smaller families with mostly 1 species showed higher FUV while among the larger families Amaryllidaceae and Papaveraceae showed maximum FUV of 0.89 and 0.87, respectively. Highest FL was shown by Mentha arvensis (70%) against gastrointestinal diseases. Highest ICF was demonstrated by hepatic disorders (0.93). Furthermore, we revealed 108 indigenous herbal medicinal recipes, 6 plants added to the medicinal plant trade list, 1 species (Vincetoxicum arnottianum) reported for the first time as medicinal plant, and several new uses for 49 well known medicinal plants. CONCLUSION: The present survey documents diverse plant species that are utilised by local communities for treating a broad spectrum of disorders. Quantitative indices helped in marking important and most preferred plants. To conclude, we recommend the plants for pharmacological studies, documenting new uses, especially Vincetoxicum arnottianum, never screened before.